Transformation systems, gene silencing and gene editing technologies in oomycetes

Oomycetes are spore-forming eukaryotic microbes responsible for infections in animal and plant species worldwide, posing a threat to natural ecosystems, biodiversity food security. Genomics transcriptomics approaches, together with host interaction studies, give promising results towards better understanding of the infection mechanisms oomycetes their general biology. Significant development progress genomic studies have been achieved over past decades but further molecular processes, gene regulations still needed. The use tools such as CRISPR/Cas RNAi helped elucidate some processes involved invasion both pathogenic oomycetes. These methods provide an opportunity accurate detailed functional analysis involving various fields genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, interactomics. Functional characterisation is essential filling knowledge gaps dynamic biological processes. However, every method has advantages limitations that should be considered before choosing best investigating particular research question. Here we review transformation systems, silencing editing techniques oomycetes, how they function, which what main disadvantages.